HANDOUT BIOLOGY
BIG GROUP OF ORGANISM
In the past, when instrument for observations had not been developed, biologists recognized two big groups of organisms: animals and plants.After microscope had been invented by Antonie van Leewenhoek, the scientists’s eyes were open that there were microscope group of organism called microorganism.With the development of science and technology, there are several types of classifications, namely three, four, five and even six kingdoms.Among those classifications, the classifications of five kingdoms is generally used.It was made by Whitteaker in 1969.Whitteaker introduced organism classification into five big kingdoms namely Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Many organism don’t have nucleus membranes.They are called prokaryote.Prokaryote is included in Monera Kingdom. Organism that have nucleus membranes are called eukaryote.Eukaryote is grouped into four big groups, namely Kingdom Protista, Kindom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia.
A.Monera Kingdom
Monera Kingdom consist of two big groups of organisms, bacteria and cyanobacteria.Both are included in prokaryote and unicellular organism.
Monera reproduces by binary fission. In addition to that, Monera also forms spore.The spore forming is particularly performed in a disadvantaged environmental condition.The formed spore is called endospore.
1)Bacteria
Ø Most bacteria can move freely and don’t attach to one place.
Ø Their movement is aided by flagella.
Ø Heterotroph : living as decomposer residues of organism.Example : Escherichia coli .
Ø Autotroph : which are able to synthesize their own food chemically.Such bacteria are called chemoautotroph, such as sulphuric bacteria
Some types of bacteria are useful for human beings such as Lactobacillus, that is used to make yoghurt.
2)Cyanobacteria
Also known as blue-green algae.They are called algae because they are able to photosynthesize like algae in general, but cyanobacteria are grouped into prokaryotes.The forms of cyanobacteria are various ; some are unicellular and the others are colonies composed of some cells.
Different from bacteria, cyanobacteria have more complicated composition.Inside the body cell, there are chlorophylls for photosynthesize. Different from those in eukaryotes, the chlorophylls in cyanobacteria aren’t situated in chloroplasts, since it doesn’t have any chloroplasts.In addition, there are others pigments such as red and brown pigements.Cyanobacteria can live in different places having different conditions, whether fertile or arid lands.Some examples of Cyanobacteria are Anabaena azollae , Oscillatoria, and Spirulina maxima.
B.Protista Kingdom
Included in Eukaryote with unicellular or multicellular body that has not formed a tissue system.Protista is divided into two groups, namely protozoa and algae.In the waters, this organism group is known as plankton.Some plankton have plant characteristic (photosynthesis); they are called phytoplankton.However, others planktons have animal characteristic, which are called zooplankton.
Ø Unicellular or colonial (many identical cells).
Ø Eukaryota.
Ø Motile and sessile.
Ø Autotrophic and heterophic.
Ø Reproduce asexually.
1)Protozoa
The organism in protozoa group have animal characteristic.
Protozoa are :
Ø Heterotroph.
Ø Unicellular.
Ø Mobile.
Ø Having vacuole.
Based on their moving apparatus, protozoa are grouped into several following groups :
a. Rhizopoda (pseudopodia = fake feet) , such as Entamoeba histolytica and Amoeba proteus.
b. Ciliata, such as Paramecium sp, Balantidium, Stentor and Vorticella.
c. Flagellata, such as Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Euglena virdis.
d. Sporozoa (generating spores without moving apparatus), such as Plasmodium sp.
2)Algae
Ø Unicellular or multicellular eukrayote.
Ø Have chloroplasts so they can photosynthesize.This group consist of Euglena, Dinoflagellata, Diatomae groups.
Euglena can move freely using flagellas.Euglena always moves toward the light source.
Dinoflagellata live in the sea.Abundant number of algae can make the sea surface brcome reddish.
Diatomae, has hard skin composed of silica.
C.Fungi Kingdom
Ø Eukaryote.
Ø No chlorophylls
Ø Composed of one or more cells
Ø Reproduce by spore or thallus.
Ø Saprophyte.
Ø Heterotrophs.
Ø Sessile.
Ø Reproduce sexually and asexually.
Fungi has hyphae,the hyphae contain of cytoplasma and nucleus.
D.Plantae Kingdom
All plants belong to Plantae Kingdom.
The characteristic of plant are :
Ø Having chlorophyll.
Ø Multicellular organism.
Ø Sessile.
Ø Autotrophic.
Ø Reproduce sexually.
Based on those characteristic, then the plant groups include :
Ø Macroscopics algae.
Ø Spore plants.
Ø Seed plants.
1)Seed Plants
Algae reproduce with its spores or thallus.Macroscopics algae are grouped based on the color of their leaves, namley Rhodophyceae (red algae), Chlorophyceae (green algae), and Phaeophyceae (brown algae).Red alga, brown algae, and green algae live in the sea.
2)Spore Plants
Spore plants include moss adn ferns.Mosses are transforming plants from thallus plants into cormus plants.Mosses have following characterisctics :
Ø Multicellular.
Ø Green.
Ø Living in humid palces.
Ø Having neither roots, trunks nor leaves but already having parts like roots, trunks, and leaves.The roots on the moss are called rhizoids, which are used to attach and absorb water and mineral.Based on their body forms, moss are grouped into two groups, liverworts, and hornworts.
Ø Reproducing with spores.
Ferns have following characterictics :
Ø Reproduce with spores.
Ø Live in a shady and humid or wet place.
Ø Ferns reproduce asexually (vegetative) and sexually (generative).
3)Seed Plants
The seed plants include two big groups, namely open seed plants (Gymnospermae) and closed seed plants (Angiospermae)
a. Open seed Plants (Gymnospermae)
The open seed plants are plants whose seeds are not covered by fruit flesh, so that they can be seen from outside.Have strobilus as reproduction organ.
Grouped into seven groups :
Ø Pteridospermae (extinct)
Ø Bennettinae (extinct)
Ø Cordaitinae (extinct)
Ø Cycadinae : The cycadinae class is diocious and has strobilus-like flowers,male and female strobilus in two different trees (male and female plants.)
Ø Gnetinae : Gnetum gnemon (Melinjo)
Ø Coniferae : Ever green,pines,podocarpus group.
Ø Ginkgotinae : Gingko biloba Tiongkok.
b.Angiospermae
The covered seed-bearing plants have seeds that are covered by fruit flesh.It consist of dicotyledons and monocotyledons.In the dicotyledons having two cotyledons.And in the monocotyledons having one cotyledons.Has a complete flowers and some others has incomplete flowers.
E.Kindom Animalia
v Not have chlorophyll.
v Multicellular.
v Mobile.
v Heterotrophs.
v Reproduce sexually.
Just like what he did with plants, Carolus Linnaeus also claasified the animals based on its body structure or morphology.Based on the existence of back bone, the animal can be grouped into two big groups, avertebrates/invertebrate and vertebrates.There are 13 group of animal :
v Porifera (Avertebrata).
v Coelenterata (Avertebrata).
v Platyhelminthes (Avertebrata).
v Nemathelminthes (Avertebrata).
v Annnelida (Avertebrata).
v Mollusca (Avertebrata).
v Arthropoda (Avertebrata).
v Echinodermata (Avertebrata).
v Pisces (Vertebrata).
v Amphibia (Vertebrata).
v Reptilia (Vertebrata).
v Aves (Vertebrata).
v Mammals (Vertebrata).
